Baker, J.
M.B. is a transgender woman who seeks to change her name and gender marker. She filed requests to waive publication and seal the record pursuant to Indiana Administrative Rule 9. The trial court found that she did not meet her burden under Rule 9. We disagree. Therefore, we reverse and remand with instructions that this case shall remain sealed and for further proceedings.
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[FN 1: Throughout its order, the trial court fails or refuses to use M.B.’s preferred pronoun. The order is also permeated with derision for M.B. We would hope that the trial courts of this state would show far greater respect (as well as objectivity and impartiality) to all litigants appearing before them.]
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In A.L., we noted that as a general rule, a petitioner seeking a name change must give notice of the petition in a qualifying newspaper. The legislature has deemed Indiana Code chapter 34-28-2 to be subject to Administrative Rule 9, which provides that as a general rule, all court records are publicly accessible. Ind. Administrative Rule 9(D)(1). There is, however, a list of exceptions to that general rule, which are found in Rule 9(G). Relevant to this appeal is the exception for cases in which “[a]ccess or dissemination of the Court record will create a significant risk of substantial harm to the requestor . . . .” Admin. R. 9(G)(4)(a)(ii). [FN 3: We also note that this case may fall under the exception for case records that are excluded from public access or declared confidential by Indiana statute or other court rule. Admin. R. 9(G)(2)(b). Medical and mental health records are confidential and protected from public disclosure. E.g., Ind. Code § 16-39-3-10 (declaring that a patient’s mental health records and testimony related to a patient’s mental health offered in a legal proceeding must be a confidential court record). A petitioner’s status as transgender will likely implicate both her medical and mental health records.]
Here, the trial court found that M.B. did not provide sufficient evidence to support her claim that maintaining public access to her case records (including the requirement of notice publication) would create a significant risk of substantial harm to her.
The trial court had two primary reasons for its denial of M.B.’s Administrative Rule 9 petition. First, it noted that she had failed to provide evidence of “any violence that has resulted to [M.B.]” because of her gender identity or of “violence being perpetrated against an Indiana resident” who identifies as transgender. Neither of these forms of evidence is required…
In other words, the fact that M.B. did not provide evidence that she, herself, or other citizens of Indiana have been a target of violence is of no moment. [Footnote omitted.] The goal of Rule 9 is proactive; it seeks to prevent harm. To force petitioners to wait until they have already experienced that harm would vitiate the purpose of the rule.
Rather than focus on the evidence that M.B. did not provide, the trial court should have focused on the evidence she did provide. With respect to the general rates of discrimination, harassment, violence, and homicide experienced by people who are transgender, M.B. provided the following evidence:
8. Data shows that transgender individuals are disproportionately impacted by violence and homicide. Between 2013 and 2015, hate crimes against transgender people increased 239 percent, with LGBT people more likely than any other minority group to experience hate crimes in the United States. Haeyoung Park and Iaryna Mykhyalyshyn, L.G.B.T. People Are More Likely to Be Targets of Hate Crimes Than Any Other Minority Group, N.Y. Times, June 16, 2016.
9. The systemic violence transgender people experience neither begins nor ends with hate crimes, physical assault or homicide. Transgender people are more likely than the general population to experience discrimination, harassment, and violence in every facet of life, including family relations, education, employment, housing, public accommodations, obtaining accurate identification documents, and accessing adequate and appropriate medical treatment. See e.g. James et al., The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (2016), available at http://www.ustranssurvey.org/reports/; National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, A Report from the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and HIV-Affected Hate Violence in 2013 (2014), available at http://www.avp.org/storage/documents/2013_ncavp_hv report_final.pdf[ 5 ]; Jaime M. Grant et al., Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey 2 (2011), available at http//www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/reports/reports/ ntds_full.pdf.
10. This is no less true in the state of Indiana. A survey of transgender people in Indiana conducted in conjunction with the National Transgender Discrimination Survey found that 73% of respondents reported harassment in their K-12 school; and 27% reported physical assault. National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Indiana Results (2015), available at http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/us ts/USTSINStateReport%281017%29.pdf. In another study of Transgender Hoosiers, 74% of respondents reported experiencing harassment or mistreatment on the job. Christy Mallory and Brad Sears, Employment Discrimination Based On Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Indiana, August 2017, available at https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla. edu/research/in_discrimination_ aug_2017/[ 6 ].
11. Often, this violence is fatal. In 2016, an Indiana transgender woman was shot in the face while her attacker yelled anti-transgender sentiments. Alleged Hate Group Member Charged in Shooting of Trans Woman in Indiana, The Advocate (July 17, 2016), available at http://www.advocate.com/transgender/2016/7/17/alleg ed-hate-group-member-charged-shooting-trans-womanindiana. Across the nation, violence against transgender individuals is on the rise. Maggie Astor, Violence Against Transgender People Is on the Rise, Advocates Say, N.Y. Times, Nov. 9, 2017.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 14-16. And M.B. also offered evidence of two specific instances causing her to believe she is at great risk of public harm:
• “I have [personally faced discrimination based on gender identity] when picking up my prescriptions at the Paoli Walmart pharmacy one of the ladies that works there didn’t want to serve me and I had to get someone else to help me.” Tr. Vol. II p. 9.
• “. . . I’m on Facebook quite a bit and there’s someone who lives in Paoli, they have a red truck and they said if they knew someone was transgender and they saw them they would shoot them.” Id.
We find that this evidence readily supports M.B.’s argument that, if she had to publish notice of her name change petition and maintain a publicly open case file, she would be at significant risk of substantial harm. The trial court erred in ruling otherwise.
Second, we are compelled to address the trial court’s conclusion that M.B. could not be “outed” because of the way she presents in person. This subjective assessment is not an element of an Administrative Rule 9 petition, nor should it be. Appearance is in the eye of the beholder, and regardless of the trial court’s own opinions about how men and women “should” look, M.B. has the right to appear as she desires while maintaining public confidentiality about her gender identity. This was a wholly improper reason to deny M.B.’s petition.
The trial court should have granted M.B.’s Administrative Rule 9 petition to waive publication of notice of her name change and to seal her case record.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and remanded with instructions that this case shall remain sealed and for further proceedings.
Najam, J., and Robb, J., concur.