Goff, J.
A jury found that Defendant Marquell M. Jackson committed several criminal offenses in connection with a criminal gang. As a result, the trial court increased his overall sentence by thirty years according to the criminal gang enhancement statute. Jackson appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed the enhancement. Jackson and the State now dispute the extent of the trial court’s sentencing authority on remand. This appeal requires us to determine what, if any, ability a trial court has to resentence a criminal defendant on the felonies that underlie a criminal gang enhancement when an appellate court has reversed that enhancement and remanded to the trial court. Guided by a general inquiry into the relationship between an enhancement and its underlying offenses, we find that the criminal gang enhancement statute unambiguously increases the punishment for all the felonies that underlie the enhancement, and vacating such an enhancement disturbs the punishment originally imposed. As such, after an appellate court reverses a criminal gang enhancement, the trial court on remand must resentence a defendant on all surviving underlying felonies.
On October 26, 2015, Jackson and four friends decided to rob a person they thought had marijuana. Armed with two guns, they drove to the person’s apartment building. Four members of the group, including Jackson, entered the building, made their way to the apartment, and encountered a group of about ten people smoking marijuana. A gunfight broke out, and the would-be thieves fled. All told, three of the intruders, one of the occupants of the apartment, and a neighbor’s brother were injured in the shooting.
The State ultimately charged Jackson with nine offenses: two counts of burglary; one count of attempted robbery resulting in serious bodily injury; four counts of attempted armed robbery; and two counts of aggravated battery. The State also sought to have Jackson’s potential sentence enhanced under the criminal gang enhancement statute. See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-15 (2014 Repl.). After a bifurcated trial, the jury found Jackson guilty as charged and that the enhancement applied to each count. The trial court merged Count 2 with Count 1 but otherwise entered judgments of conviction on each count and accepted the jury’s finding as to the enhancement.
The court ordered that Jackson serve concurrent sentences of thirty years for Count 1, seventeen-and-one-half years for Count 3, and nine years each for Counts 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. It then applied the statutory enhancement of thirty years to Jackson’s sentence, which resulted in a sixty-year overall sentence.
Jackson appealed and argued, among other things, that the trial court committed fundamental error when it allowed the State to amend the information for the criminal gang enhancement. The Court of Appeals agreed and reversed the enhancement. Jackson v. State, 84 N.E.3d 706, 711– 14 (Ind. Ct. App.) (“Jackson I”), clarified on reh’g, 88 N.E.3d 1106 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (“Jackson II”). It instructed the trial court on remand to “vacate the enhancement and the sentence imposed on it.”
Both Jackson and the State petitioned the Court of Appeals for rehearing seeking clarification of the remand order. … The Court of Appeals granted the petitions and compared the criminal gang enhancement statute with the habitual offender enhancement statute and Coble v. State, 523 N.E.2d 228 (Ind. 1988), a case involving a vacated habitual offender enhancement. Jackson II, 88 N.E.3d at 1108–1110. Based on this comparison, it found that “nothing about the trial court’s imposition of the underlying sentence, or the convictions on which the underlying sentence is imposed, required that the trial court consider the criminal gang enhancement.” Therefore, it concluded, “the underlying sentence imposed by the trial court on Jackson’s convictions is not subject to change on remand.”
We granted the State’s petition to transfer to address the trial court’s sentencing authority on remand after vacating the criminal gang enhancement, thereby vacating the Court of Appeals opinions in part. See Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A). We summarily affirm the Court of Appeals on the other issues addressed in Jackson I and Jackson II. See App. R. 58(A)(2).
Standard of Review
Resolution of this case requires us to interpret the criminal gang enhancement statute. “Because this presents a matter of statutory interpretation, it receives de novo review.” Day v. State, 57 N.E.3d 809, 811 (Ind. 2016).
Discussion and Decision
… Because the parties here dispute the extent of the trial court’s sentencing discretion on remand, we begin with an overview of the criminal gang enhancement statute.
The criminal gang enhancement statute increases the penal consequences for committing one or more felony offenses in connection with a criminal gang. See generally I.C. § 35-50-2-15. The State must initially show that the defendant has committed at least one underlying felony. … If the State carries this burden, the statute provides for “an additional fixed term of imprisonment” based on the underlying felony or felonies. … This enhancement then runs consecutive to the underlying sentence and cannot be suspended.
… With this statutory scheme in mind, we turn to the task at hand: determining the extent of the trial court’s sentencing authority on remand after vacating a criminal gang enhancement.
Both parties direct us to our prior decision in Coble as a means to resolve this matter, and the Court of Appeals below heavily relied on the case. The State argues that Coble and subsequent cases allow a trial court, on remand from a reversal of a criminal gang enhancement, to resentence a defendant on the felonies related to the enhancement. Jackson argues that Coble plainly prohibits a trial court from resentencing on any felonies underlying a vacated criminal gang enhancement. Both parties’ reliance on Coble is partially misplaced. Coble dealt with issues specific to habitual offender enhancements—not criminal gang enhancements—and cannot be mechanically applied to disputes outside that context. …
….
Coble involved a habitual offender enhancement, and its specific holdings relied on particular aspects of such enhancements. Because this appeal involves the criminal gang enhancement, which has important differences from the habitual offender enhancement, Coble’s specific holdings do not control here.
A habitual offender enhancement increases punishment based on recidivism and is not intrinsically related to the underlying offense it enhances. This enhancement increases the punishment for a current offense based on the ineffectiveness of past punishment to deter continued illegal behavior. Funk v. State, 427 N.E.2d 1081, 1086 (Ind. 1981); Hall v. State, 273 Ind. 507, 515, 405 N.E.2d 530, 535–36 (1980). … Because habitual offender enhancements do not naturally relate to any particular underlying offense, the trial court must specifically attach the enhancement to an underlying offense.
A criminal gang enhancement, by contrast, is fundamentally related to its underlying felony or felonies. The enhancement increases punishment based on the manner in which the defendant committed the underlying felony or felonies. I.C. § 35-50-2-15(b) (2014 Repl.). Additionally, the increase in the defendant’s sentence depends on the length of the sentence for the underlying felony or felonies. I.C. § 35-50-2-15(d). Thus, the criminal gang enhancement is fundamentally tied to the underlying felony or felonies. …
… Because of these differences, Coble cannot be mechanically applied to this case. The specific holdings of Coble providing a trial court’s sentencing options on remand after vacating a habitual offender enhancement do not control a trial court’s options after a criminal gang enhancement has been vacated.
….
According to the unambiguous language of the criminal gang enhancement statute, a criminal gang enhancement increases the punishment for all the underlying felonies the jury or court finds the defendant committed in connection with a criminal gang. The statute contemplates prosecutions in which a single felony alone or multiple felonies together provide a basis for the enhancement. I.C. § 35-50-215(d)(1)–(2).
The statute then provides that “[a] sentence imposed under this section shall run consecutively to the underlying sentence.” I.C. § 3550-2-15(e).4 In cases with multiple underlying felonies punished together, the “underlying sentence” will necessarily be the total sentence for those underlying felonies. In these situations, the additional term of imprisonment is “equal to the longest sentence imposed for the underlying felonies.” I.C. § 35-50-2-15(d)(2). The result of this scheme is that, when multiple felonies provide the basis for the criminal gang enhancement, the enhancement increases a defendant’s overall punishment by a term equal to the longest individual, underlying sentence. … Thus, because the criminal gang enhancement increases the punishment for all the underlying felonies, a trial court’s authority on remand after a reversal of such an enhancement extends to resentencing on each underlying felony. The trial court’s authority likewise extends to its determination as to whether the sentences for the underlying felonies should be concurrent or consecutive. See Flowers, 518 N.E.2d at 1097–99; Gootee v. State, 942 N.E.2d 111, 113–14 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
… Our reading of the criminal gang enhancement statute provides trial courts with the discretion to craft an appropriate sentence without undue concern for what sentence might be left if an appellate court reverses the enhancement.
Here, the jury found the criminal gang enhancement applied to each felony offense charged. Based on the statutory formula, the trial court sentenced Jackson to an additional fixed term of imprisonment of thirty years. Thus, Jackson’s punishment for committing the underlying felonies (Counts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) was increased by thirty years because he committed each offense in the manner specified by the criminal gang enhancement statute. When the trial court vacates the criminal gang enhancement on remand, it will necessarily disturb the punishment originally imposed for the underlying felonies. With the original sentences disturbed, the trial court on remand must resentence Jackson on each underlying felony.
Based on the general inquiry from Coble and the unambiguous language of the criminal gang enhancement statute, a trial court on remand from a reversal of a criminal gang enhancement is to resentence the defendant on all the felonies underlying that enhancement. Thus, we remand to the trial court with instructions to follow the instructions given by the Court of Appeals that relate to those portions of Jackson I and Jackson II we have summarily affirmed, including the instruction to vacate the criminal gang enhancement. We further instruct the trial court on remand to resentence Jackson on Counts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in accordance with this opinion.
Rush, C.J., and David, Massa, and Slaughter, JJ., concur.