BRADFORD, J.
At the time R.A. made the statements at issue he was lying on a neighbor’s front porch having sustained sixteen severe stab wounds to his face, neck, chest, and back; blood was “pouring” from his body; he had labored breathing and “gurgly” speech; he was noticeably weak and in great pain; and he was calling for help after somehow having dragged himself across the street to seek it out. . . . R.A.’s extraordinary efforts in the face of such trauma do not serve to undermine the precarious nature of his condition. The trial court was well within its discretion to conclude from the above facts that R.A. was in extremis and that his statements to Officer Stradling were made with the belief that death was imminent and that he had abandoned all hope of recovery. See id.
2. Crawford v. Washington
Even if, as Wright contends, R.A.’s statements were not dying declarations, they do not run afoul of his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation. As a general matter, hearsay which is permitted under the rules of evidence is also subject to the defendant’s right “to be confronted with the witnesses against him” under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 38. Under Crawford, the Confrontation Clause bars “admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Id. at 53-54. Although the Crawford court did not provide a precise definition of “testimonial,” the United States Supreme Court revisited the question in Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006). The Court clarified the meaning of “testimonial” by explaining as follows:
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Id. at 822. In concluding that the statements at issue in Davis were not testimonial, the Court considered the following factors: (1) whether the declarant was speaking about events as they were actually happening or describing past events; (2) whether the declarant was facing an ongoing emergency; (3) whether the questions asked by law enforcement were such that they elicited statements necessary to resolve the present emergency rather than simply to learn about past events; and (4) the level of formality of the interrogation. Collins v. State, 873 N.E.2d 149, 154 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (citing Davis, 547 U.S. 827-28), trans. denied; see also Gayden v. State, 863 N.E.2d 1193, 1197 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied.
Upon applying these factors to the facts of the instant case, we conclude that R.A.’s statements were not testimonial. While R.A.’s statements referenced the stabbing acts, which had technically occurred in the (very recent) past, they also referenced his very present injuries. Given the immediacy of these injuries at the time of R.A.’s statements, we cannot say that he was merely referencing past, or even recent past, events. With respect to the second factor, R.A.’s condition in itself adequately demonstrates the emergency nature of the situation. In addition, Officer Stradling and R.A. were awaiting paramedics, and, indeed, the homicide unit, at the time of R.A.’s statements. Regarding the third factor, Officer Stradling, who had found a bloody R.A. on a neighbor’s front porch in the middle of the night, was merely attempting to address what was clearly an unresolved situation. To the extent Officer Stradling’s inquiry into the perpetrator’s identity is claimed to be investigatory, such inquiries have been deemed necessary to resolve situations—such as the one at issue here—where it is imperative that dispatched officers know they might be encountering a violent felon. See Davis, 547 U.S. at 827. Finally, there is little question as to the informal nature of this “interrogation,” which occurred when Officer Stradling was dispatched to assist R.A. as he lay dying, in the middle of the night, on his neighbor’s front doorstep. We are convinced that R.A.’s statements were elicited for purposes of resolving the emergency at hand, not in preparation for future litigation, and were therefore nontestimonial. Accordingly, we reject Wright’s claim that the introduction of such statements into evidence violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation. See Collins, 873 N.E.2d at 154-55 (concluding that statements identifying shooter were nontestimonial when made by agitated declarant during 911 call shortly after he had witnessed shooting); Gayden, 863 N.E.2d at 1197-99 (concluding that portion of 911 call during which frantic declarant identified perpetrator within minutes of his alleged acts was nontestimonial).
BAILEY, J., and VAIDIK, J., concur.